Integration of civil law instruments into the mechanisms of criminal proceedings for the effective protection of the victim’s property interests
Palabras clave:
Victim, Property Interests, Civil Lawsuit, Securing the Claim, Restitution, Procedural Efficiency, Criminal LiabilityResumen
The purpose of this study is to systematize models for integrating civil law instruments into criminal proceedings and to substantiate directions for enhancing the effectiveness of protecting victims’ property interests. The research employs comparative legal and systemic analysis of national regulations, as well as a generalization of the case law of the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR), which serves as a benchmark for assessing the effectiveness of property rights protection in the context of criminal proceedings. The methodological framework also includes legal diagnostics of structural risks that reduce the practical effectiveness of compensation, restitution, and interim protection measures. The study identifies three generalized procedural models for the integration of property claims: integrated, partially integrated and formalized (fragmented). It demonstrates that under the formalized model, the property outcome is frequently detached from the criminal process, thereby reducing the timeliness and effectiveness of protection. The study confirms that enforcement remains a critical weak point, often neutralizing the property result even after the formal conclusion of criminal proceedings, while procedural fragmentation and delayed interim protection further weaken the practical accessibility of remedies. The scientific novelty of this research lies in systematizing the models for integrating civil law instruments into criminal proceedings and comparing them with ECtHR standards on effective property protection, which made it possible to identify typical structural risks of inefficiency associated with fragmented procedural design. Its practical significance consists in substantiating directions for improving the procedural integration of compensation, interim property measures and restitution mechanisms in order to ensure real and timely protection of victims’ property interests, including stronger procedural concentration of property-related issues within criminal proceedings, the timely use of interim measures, and better coordination between adjudication and enforcement.
Descargas
Referencias
Ali, M.; Muliyono, A.; Sanjaya, W.; Wibowo, A. “Compensation and restitution for victims of crime in Indonesia: Regulatory flaws, judicial response, and proposed solution”, Cogent Social Sciences, v. 8, n. 1, 2069910, 2022. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311886.2022.2069910
Amriyanto, A.; Alting, H.; Bakhtiar, H. S.; Putra, G. P. “Breaking the cycle: Reforming Indonesia’s justice system to prioritize victim-centered solutions”, Jurnal Dinamika Hukum, v. 24, n. 3, p. 416–447, 2024. https://doi.org/10.20884/1.jdh.2024.24.3.15577
Antonsdóttir, H. F.; Laugerud, S. “The Norwegian victim lawyer in a Nordic context: Professional boundaries, legal hierarchies and purification processes”, International Criminology, v. 4, p. 79–92, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1007/s43576-024-00117-5
ARANTEGUI-ARRÀEZ, L.; TAMARIT-Sumalla, J. M. “The Spanish model of private prosecution: Identifying risks and opportunities through empirical research on sex crimes”, International Criminology, v. 4, n. 1, p. 44–54, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1007/s43576-024-00114-8
Bikelis, S. “Confiscation beyond the all-crime approach and the proportionality principle – A case of the Lithuanian illicit enrichment offence concept”, Laws, v. 14, n. 1, 2024. https://doi.org/10.3390/laws14010001
Code de procédure pénale [Criminal Procedure Code], Légifrance, 2026. Available at: https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/codes/texte_lc/LEGITEXT000006071154/ (accessed on 7 June 2026).
Costa, J. A. A. “The (new) Directive on the recovery and confiscation of assets: Analysis of the content and future challenges of Directive 2024/1260”, Revista de Estudios Europeos, v. 85, p. 326–345, 2025. https://doi.org/10.24197/ree.85.2025.326-345
Council of Europe, European Convention on Human Rights (as amended) (European Treaty Series No. 005). European Court of Human Rights, 1950, November 4. Available at: https://www.echr.coe.int/documents/d/echr/convention_ENG (accessed on 20 January 2026).
Council of Europe, Protocol to the European Convention on Human Rights (First Protocol). Legislation of Ukraine Database, 1952, March 20. Available at: https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/994_535#Text (accessed on 20 January 2026).
Council of Europe, Recommendation CM/Rec(2023)2 of the Committee of Ministers to member States on rights, services and support for victims of crime (CM/Rec(2023)2), 2023, March 15. Available at: https://search.coe.int/cm/Pages/result_details.aspx?ObjectId=0900001680aa8264 (accessed on 20 January 2026).
Court decisions database of Ukraine, YouControl (criminal proceedings, including cases related to the protection of property interests), 2025. Available at: https://reyestr.court.gov.ua/ (accessed on 20 January 2026).
Desterbeck, F. “Towards more efficient compensation for damage caused by PIF offences: Explanatory remarks on the rules on compensation and confiscation in the EPPO Regulation”, Eucrim – European Law Forum: Prevention. Investigation. Prosecution, v. 18, n. 4, p. 355–360, 2023. https://doi.org/10.30709/eucrim-2023-020
European Court of Human Rights, HUDOC – ECHR caselaw database, 2021–2025. Available at: https://hudoc.echr.coe.int/ (accessed on 20 January 2026).
European Parliament Council of the European Union, Directive 2012/29/EU establishing minimum standards on the rights, support and protection of victims of crime (2012/29/EU)”, Official Journal of the European Union, L 315, p. 57–73, 2012, October 25. Available at: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/dir/2012/29/oj/eng (accessed on 20 January 2026).
European Parliament Council of the European Union, Regulation (EU) 2018/1805 on the mutual recognition of freezing orders and confiscation orders (recast) (Regulation (EU) 2018/1805)”, Official Journal of the European Union, L 303, p. 1–17, 2018, November 14. Available at: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2018/1805/oj (accessed on 20 January 2026).
Federal Ministry of Justice and Consumer & Protection Federal Office of Justice (Germany), German Code of Criminal Procedure (Strafprozessordnung – StPO), 2025. Available at: https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/englisch_stpo/ (accessed on 20 January 2026).
Fuadi, G.; Putri, W. V.; Raharjo, T. “Tinjauan Perampasan Aset dalam Tindak Pidana Pencucian Uang dari Perspektif Keadilan”, Jurnal Penegakan Hukum dan Keadilan, v. 5, n. 1, p. 53–68, 2024. https://doi.org/10.18196/jphk.v5i1.19163
Galijot, M.; BRIZIĆ Bahun, V. “Osiguranje imovinskopravnog zahtjeva”, Zbornik Pravnog fakulteta Sveučilišta u Rijeci, v. 43, n. 3, p. 791–808, 2022. https://doi.org/10.30925/zpfsr.43.3.13
Hamin, Z.; ABDUL HAKIM, M. M.; KAMARUDDIN, S.; WAN Rosli, W. R. “The legal framework of asset forfeiture for money laundering in the United Kingdom and Malaysia”, International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, v. IX, n. II, p. 4404–4414, 2025. https://doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2025.9020345
Holder, R. L.; Elbers, N. A.; Antonsdóttir, A. R. “Guest Editors’ Introduction: Victims’ rights and participation in criminal justice”, International Criminology, v. 4, p. 4-15, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1007/s43576-024-00120-w
Holder, R. L.; Englezos, E. “Victim participation in criminal justice: A quantitative systematic and critical literature review”, International Review of Victimology, v. 30, n. 1, p. 25–49, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1177/02697580231151207
HRYNIEWICZ-Lach, E. “Expanding confiscation and its dimensions in EU criminal law”, European Journal of Crime, Criminal Law and Criminal Justice, v. 31, n. (3–4), p. 243–267, 2023. https://doi.org/10.1163/15718174-bja10046
HRYNIEWICZ-Lach, E. “Improving asset confiscation: in the quest for effective and just solutions”, ERA Forum, v. 25, p. 231–247, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12027-024-00806-8
Hubanova, T.; Shchokin, R.; Hubanov, O.; Antonov, V.; Slobodianiuk, P.; Podolyaka, S. “Information technologies in improving crime prevention mechanisms in the border regions of southern Ukraine”, Journal of Information Technology Management, v. 13, n. (Special Issue: Role of ICT in Advancing Business and Management), p. 75–90, 2021. Available at: https://sid.ir/paper/976923/en (accessed on 20 January 2026).
Johansen, L. V. “Legislation and institutional practices concerning compensation for victims of rape in Denmark”, International Journal of Law, Crime and Justice, v. 81, 100742, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijlcj.2025.100742
Kodeks postępowania karnego [Code of Criminal Procedure], “Tekst ujednolicony (unified text) as of 22 October 2025”, Sejm of the Republic of Poland, 2025. Available at: https://isap.sejm.gov.pl/isap.nsf/DocDetails.xsp?id=wdu19970890555 (accessed on 20 January 2026).
Lytvyn, N.; Andrushchenko, H.; Zozulya, Y. V.; Nikanorova, O. V.; Rusal, L. M. “Enforcement of court decisions as a social guarantee of protection of citizens rights and freedoms”, Prawo i Więź, v. 39, n. 1, p. 80–102, 2022. https://doi.org/10.36128/priw.vi39.351
Matt, H. “Criminal law principles should be applied in all asset recovery cases throughout the EU”, New Journal of European Criminal Law, v. 15, n. 4, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1177/20322844241302289
Maugeri, A. M. Regulation (EU) 2018/1805: The principle of mutual recognition between freezing and confiscation orders and the Rome problem”, New Journal of European Criminal Law, v. 15, n. 2, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1177/20322844241239781
Melnyk, D. S.; Parfylo, O. A.; Butenko, O. V.; Tykhonova, O. V.; Zarosylo, V. O. “Practice of the member states of the European Union in the field of anti-corruption regulation”, Journal of Financial Crime, v. 29, n. 3, p. 853–863, 2022. Available at: https://ideas.repec.org/a/eme/jfcpps/jfc-03-2021-0050.html (accessed on 20 January 2026).
Ministère de la Justice, Les chiffres clés de la Justice 2025, 2025, December 18. Available at: https://www.justice.gouv.fr/documentation/etudes-et-statistiques/chiffres-cles-justice-2025 (accessed on 20 January 2026).
Ministerstwo Sprawiedliwości, Opracowania wieloletnie [Longterm statistical reports], 2025. Available at: https://isws.ms.gov.pl/pl/baza-statystyczna/opracowania-wieloletnie/statystyczna/opracowaniawieloletnie/ (accessed on 20 January 2026).
O’Driscoll, L. “Towards a rights-based approach: Victims of violent crime, state-funded compensation and the European Union”, New Journal of European Criminal Law, v. 14, n. 3, p. 303–326, 2023. https://doi.org/10.1177/20322844231171497
Sakellaraki, A. “EU asset recovery and confiscation regime – Quo vadis? A first assessment of the Commission’s proposal to further harmonise the EU asset recovery and confiscation laws. A step in the right direction?”, New Journal of European Criminal Law, v. 13, n. 4, p. 478–501, 2022. https://doi.org/10.1177/20322844221139577
SOLETO Muñoz, H.; Elbers, N. A.; Akkermans, A.; Tamarit, J.; Arantegui, L.; Lepri, G. L.; Chirico, D.; Lāce, I. “Ineffectiveness of the right to compensation for victims of sexual violence: A comparison between five EU member states”, International Criminology, v. 4, n. 1, p. 93–107, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1007/s43576-024-00118-4
Statistisches Bundesamt (Destatis), Criminal prosecution by the courts in 2021: Convictions by final judgment down 5.3% (Press Release No. 501), 2022, November 30. Available at: https://www.destatis.de/EN/Press/2022/11/PE22_501_24311.html (accessed on 20 January 2026).
Trinchera, T. “Fighting crime in non-criminal proceedings: A comparative study of American civil forfeiture and Italian preventive confiscation”, The American Journal of Comparative Law, v. 73, n. 3, p. 579–625, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcl/avaf027
Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine, Civil Code of Ukraine (Law No. 435IV). Legislation of Ukraine Database, 2003, January 16. Available at: https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/435-15#Text (accessed on 20 January 2026).
Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine, Civil Procedure Code of Ukraine (Law No. 1618IV). Legislation of Ukraine Database, 2004, March 18. Available at: https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/1618-15#Text (accessed on 20 January 2026).
Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine, Criminal Procedure Code of Ukraine (Law No. 4651VI). Legislation of Ukraine Database, 2012, April 13. Available at: https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/4651-17#Text (accessed on 20 January 2026).
Descargas
Publicado
Número
Sección
Licencia
Derechos de autor 2026 Oleg Vitruk, Svitlana Khodak, Iryna Tkachenko, Oleksandr Aleksiichuk, Leonid Tomash
Esta obra está bajo una licencia internacional Creative Commons Atribución-NoComercial 4.0.
Aquellos autores/as que tengan publicaciones con esta revista, aceptan los términos siguientes:- Los/las autores/as ceden todos sus derechos de autor a la revista Cadernos de Dereito Actual, la cual se encargará de difundir y citar siempre a su autor.
- Los autores/as se comprometen a no enviar el artículo o publicarlo en otra revista.
- Se permite y recomienda a los/las autores/as difundir su obra a través de Internet (p. ej.: en archivos telemáticos institucionales o en su página web) antes y durante el proceso de envío, lo cual puede producir intercambios interesantes y aumentar las citas de la obra publicada, siempre que se haga referencia a Cadernos de Dereito Actual.
- Cadernos de Dereito Actual no se hace responsable por ninguno de los artículos publicados en caso de que el/la autor/autora hay incurrido en plagio o alguna política desleal a la hora de redactar y/o enviar su artículo. Cualquier responsabilidad civil o penal corresponderá, siempre, al autor/autora del artículo.
Todos los contenidos publicados en la revista están protegidos bajo una licencia "Creative Commons - Reconocimiento - No Comercial". Toda persona tiene derecho a acceder libremente a los contenidos de la revista.
